琅野語

官方地位
Rangyan is the national language and one of the two official languages (together with English) of the Kingdom of Rangya. The standard form of the Rangyan language is called "standard language", which was initially based on the Ponto dialect on the main island. The standard Rangyan is taught in schools and used on news and in official communications. The regulatory body for Rangyan is the National Institute of the Rangyan Language, which is a special body of the Rangyan Ministry of Culture, Education, Science and Technology.

方言
There are three main dialects spoken in Rangya. They are


 * Ponto dialect, the initial basis of Standard Rangyan
 * Jakang dialect, and
 * Dukhyu dialect.

The formation of dialects is due to the long history of internal isolation of the population living on isolated islands in Rangya. Dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent, inflectional morphology, vocabulary, and particle usage.

歸融語
Kuiyungyo or Kuiyung Creole, meaning "mixed language", is a creole language derived mainly from Dutch, Rangyan, English and Indonesian, which was originally spoken by the Kuiyung community of the Dutch colony of Rangya. It is now considered as a critically endangered language spoken only by very few people in Rangya.

This is the Kuiyungyo version of Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1) compared with Dutch, English and Rangyan.

輔音
以下是琅野語輔音音素.


 * 1) /ŋ/ 只出現在音節韻尾.
 * /s, z/ 在 /i, j/ 前顎化成 [ɕ, ʑ]
 * 1) /h/ 在 /i, j/ 前顎化成 [ç]; 並在 /u, w/ 前雙唇化成 [ɸ]
 * 2) /ts, dz, tsʰ/ 在 /i, j/ 前顎化成 [tɕ, dʑ, tɕʰ]
 * 3) /ɾ/ 當聲母時是齒齦閃音 [ɾ]; 當韻尾時是 [l].

單元音

 * 1) /i/ 在軟顎韻尾 /ŋ, k̚/ 前要發成 /ɪ/
 * 2) /u/ 在軟顎韻尾 /ŋ, k̚/ 前要發成 /ʊ/

雙元音
在琅野語中，半元音 /j/ 和 /w/ 有時被認為是雙元音或三元音的一部份，而不是單獨輔音音素. 這是由於半元音可以存在於聲母之後，而其他輔音卻不可以，又或是由於半元音在諺文結構中被視為元音.


 * 1) /ju/ 在軟顎韻尾 /ŋ, k̚/ 前要發成 /jʊ/
 * 2) 在開音節中，/uɪ/ 在輔音後要發成降音雙元音 [uɪ]; 當 /uɪ/ 是個獨立音節，或者在閉音節中，就要發成升音雙元音 [wi].

位置同位異音
琅野語的輔音有兩個主要的位置同位異音，分別是聲母和韻尾. 聲母同位異音在音節開頭，而韻尾同位異音則在音節結尾. 在音節結尾，所有塞音 [p, t, k] 都要發成不爆破的同位異音 [p̚, t̚, k̚]. 而韻尾 [ɾ] 則是流音 [l].

語音組合法
琅野語最複雜的音節結構是 輔-介-元-輔. 第一個 輔 是音節聲母; 介 是半元音介音 /j/ 或 /w/; 元 是元音; 第二個 輔 是音節韻尾. 除了 /ŋ/，所有輔音都能當音節聲母，而音節韻尾卻只能是 /m, n, ŋ, p, t, k, s, l/.

以下是琅野語所有的韻母 (介-元-輔).


 * 1) 在當獨立音節或在韻尾 /n, t̚, s, l/ 前發成 [wi]; 在韻尾 /ŋ, k̚/ 前發成 [wɪ]
 * 2) 在開音節的聲母後發成 [uɪ].

/wam/, /wɛm/, /wim/, /wap/, /wɛp/, /wip/ 是為了音譯外來詞而添加的韻母.

元音和諧
歷史上，琅野語的音韻曾有很強的元音和諧特性. 在古代琅野語，不僅屈折和派生詞綴按照主要詞根的元音而改變，甚至固有詞也堅持元音和諧特性. 然而，現代琅野語已不再嚴格遵守這規則. 在現代琅野語，元音和諧僅適用於某些詞類，如象聲詞和感嘆詞.

琅野語的元音分為三類：陽性韻，陰性韻和中性韻. 元音分類大概按照元音的發音高度來區分. 互換陽性韻與陰性韻通常會產生不同含義的細微差別. 陽性韻聽起來有「快、熱、乾、硬、堅實、集中或侵略」等感覺，而陰性韻聽起來有「慢、冷、濕、軟，單薄，瀰漫或寧靜」等感覺.

音高重音
琅野語的音高重音能以兩種音高高度模式來表達. 在這表示方式下，每個音節都可分為「高」、「低」兩種音高.


 * 1) 如果重音在第一音節，第一音節為高音，而其他音節全是低音：高低低……
 * 2) 如果重音不在第一音節，第一音節為低音，而由緊隨的音節開始直到重音的那個音節都是高音，餘下的音節為低音：低高低低……、低高高低低……、低高高高低低……
 * 3) 如果詞中沒有重音，第一音節為低音，而其他音節全是高音：低高高…… 這高音延續到沒重音的後綴語法助詞上，不過如果後綴助詞是接在有重音的詞語之後，則為低音.

下表列出音高例子. 在每個音高類別前的數字代表了最後的高音是在第幾個音節上.

名詞
琅野語沒有語法上的數量、性別或冠詞. 因此，琅野語的名詞都沒有屈折變化. 名詞 iku 可以翻譯為 "dog", "dogs", "a dog", "the dog", "some dogs" 等等，視情況而定. 然而，琅野語語法有敬語系統，因此名詞會有敬語變體. 名詞加上敬語前綴 ya- 形成敬語形態. 下面列出幾個例子.

琅野語不區分可數和不可數名詞，但有少數名詞可通過疊詞形態形成集體名詞，例如：oro 「人」和 orooro  "人們". 然而，不是所有名詞都能重疊的. 表示多於一個東西的名詞在琅野語中被視為集體名詞，而不是複數名詞. 例如 orooro 表示「很多人」或「一般人」，但永遠不會被用來表示「兩個人」. 片語 rangya tu orooro 表示「琅野的人民」或「琅野的人口」，但不是「兩個來自琅野的人」或甚至「幾個來自琅野的人」.

由於語法上缺乏數量，名詞 haya 可指一隻鳥或幾隻鳥. 如果要特意表示有多少隻鳥，可以通過提供數量來表達（利用量詞）. 例如 pu ik tu haya 或 haya i ik  都解作兩隻鳥.

代詞
代詞可以加上後綴成為集體代詞，例如 kigomi-te 「我們」和 asobeda-nun  「他們」.

反身代詞
琅野語有三個反身代詞 jishin, jiki 和 osu，都是解作 "自己". 然而，這三個反身代詞在用法上有細微差別.
 * jishin 多是代表近距離的先行詞和常用作代表第一身先行詞；
 * jiki 代表遠距離的先行詞比代表近距離的先行詞多；
 * osu 比其他兩個反身代詞少用，而代表近距離和遠距離的先行詞同樣多. 所代表的先行詞可以根據上下文來判斷，普遍是句子中的主語.

下面例子示範 jishin 和 jiki 在用法上的區別.

動詞
動詞是琅野語最複雜的詞性類別. 作為一個子句謂詞使用時其結構是：在動詞詞幹後最多加上六個後綴. 如下表所示.


 * 1) 陳述語氣 :
 * 2) 使役語氣 (-iss-):
 * 3) 審議語氣 (-ams-):
 * 4) 勸告語氣 (-uk-):
 * 5) 祈使語氣 (-es-): 表示命令或請求
 * 6) 需要語氣 (-us-):
 * 7) 責任語氣 (-atts-):
 * 8) 許可語氣 (-oh-):
 * 9) 願望語氣 (-ag-): 表達願望和慾望
 * 10) 祈願語氣 (-eik-): 表示希望
 * 11) 假設語氣 (-ich-):
 * 12) 懷疑語氣 (-air-): 表示懷疑或不確定性
 * 13) 潛在語氣 (-ints-): 表示說話者認為某事很有可能發生
 * 14) 虛擬語氣 (-oir-):
 * 15) 嘗試語氣 (-eng-):

以下是動詞 yabü 「吃」的變位表. 敬語和語氣變位並未包括在表內以免表格太長.

複合動詞
琅野語有很多複合動詞，反映出語法上的黏着特性. 琅野語複合動詞是由多個詞組成的，作為單一動詞使用. 複合動詞的主要部份是一個連接分詞形態的動詞，帶出大部份詞義，並判定語法參數. 另一部份是一個向量詞，通過詞形變化來表達時態、語氣或者體貌，但只帶出細微的詞義.

例如，在 yuttsubirü 「開始閱讀」，向量詞 birü  「開始」 根據時態、語氣和體貌作詞形變化. 而主要動詞 yuttsü 「閱讀」 則保持不變的連接分詞形態 yuttsu.

定語動詞
琅野語定語動詞是用來修飾名詞（給出屬性）的定語動詞，而不是表達獨立意思的謂語動詞. 和中文一樣，琅野語也容許一般動詞用作定語. 在琅野語中，謂語動詞置於從句的句末，在名詞之後，但定語動詞卻在名詞之前，詞序剛好和中文的關係從句一樣.

例如：

ne oro wi dotuwei "那人來了. "

ne dotuweit oro wi "來了的那人"

繫詞
琅野語的繫詞 rü 是一個近似動詞的特別詞，能將句子中的主語和謂語 (主語補語) 連起來. 在琅野語句子中，繫詞 rü 通常是用來將一件事物和另一件事物等同起來，即是「A 是 B」.

例如：

khi wi ontso rü "我是士兵. "

繫詞 rü 也能將謂語形容詞和被修飾的名詞或代詞連起來.

例如：

muse wi ha'i rü "雪是白的. "

指示詞、不定代詞
指示詞有 i-、 ne-、 和 ko- 三個系列. i- (近稱) 系列指示距離說話者較近，但距離聆聽者較遠的事物, ne- (中稱) 系列指示距離說話者較遠，但距離聆聽者較近的事物, 而 ko- (遠稱) 系列指示距離說話者和聆聽者都很遠的事物. ma- (疑問稱) 將指示詞變成對應的疑問稱形態.

因為指示詞修飾名詞，所以置於名詞之前; 因此 i maro 是「這石」, ne maro  是「那石」，而 ko maro  是「那石（遠處）」.

形容詞
琅野語中所有形容詞都是以 -i 結尾. 例如 kho'i 「大的」和 hyogi  「重的」. 形容詞的語法作用是修飾名詞或代詞，提供更多有關那個名詞或代詞所指示對象的資料. 琅野語的形容詞是一個開放的詞性類別，新的形容詞能夠利用衍生方法來產生.

琅野語形容詞一般可分為兩個主要用途：
 * 定語形容詞是名詞短語的一部份，在被修飾的名詞之前. 例如， 在 kho'i haku 「大的牛」中，kho'i 是個定語形容詞. 因為琅野語是主語後置的語言，所以定語形容詞永遠在被修飾的名詞之前.
 * 謂語形容詞和被修飾的名詞或代詞經過繫詞連在一起. 例如，在 haku wi kho'i rü 「牛是大的」中，kho'i 是謂語形容詞.

形容詞詞序
在琅野語中，定語形容詞通常以下列順序排列，當然亦容許其他排列次序：
 * 1) 指示詞
 * 2) 強調詞 (描述程度的副詞)
 * 意見
 * 大小
 * 年齡
 * 形狀
 * 顏色
 * 1) 專有形容詞 (例如：國籍, 起源, 材料)
 * 2) 名詞修飾語 (作為形容詞用的名詞)
 * 3) 中心名詞

例如：

i wa'i nitsi gani haya "這好的小紅鳥"

比較級
琅野語形容詞和中文一樣，沒有比較級形態. 當比較兩件事物時 ( 名詞片語1 和 名詞片語2 )，在一個以繫詞結尾的句子中，被比較的名詞片語 ( 名詞片語2 ) 和後面緊接的比較格助詞 pe 會處於主語名詞片語 ( 名詞片語1 ) 和謂語形容詞之間.

例如：

ne iku wi i haya pe kho'i rü "那狗比這鳥大. "

最高級
琅野語形容詞也沒有最高級形態. 在形容詞前加上副詞 tsum 「最」 來表達最高比較級.

例如：

ne iku wi tsum kho'i rü "那狗是最大的. "

副詞
副詞是任何用來修飾動詞、形容詞、從句、句子和其他副詞的單詞. 大部份琅野語副詞都是在對應的形容詞後面加上 -m 而衍生出來的. 例如， nepi (「憤怒的」) 衍生出 nepim (「憤怒地」) 和 wa'i (「良好的」) 衍生出 wa'im ( 「良好地」). 這個副詞衍生方法在琅野語中雖然很常見，但也有某些形容詞是不能衍生出對應的副詞.

助詞
琅野語的助詞屬後置詞，緊隨在被修飾的詞之後.

數詞
The system of Rangyan numerals is the system of number names used in the Rangyan language. The Rangyan numerals in writing are entirely based on the Chinese numerals and the grouping of large numbers follow the Chinese tradition of grouping by myriads (10000) rather than thousands (1000). Two sets of pronunciations for the numerals exist in Rangyan: one is based on Sino-Rangyan readings of the Chinese characters and the other is based on the native Rangyan readings.

The distinction between the two sets of numerals is very important. Everything that can be counted will use one of the two sets, but seldom both. For example, the native Rangyan numerals are used for the hours while the Sino-Rangyan numerals are used to denote the minute of time, therefore, jopu-zhi uzhipruk-pun (１２時５６分) means "12:56". The native Rangyan numerals are also used for the five-minute interval of time khük, therefore, he-zhi me-khük (８時１刻) means "8:05" while he-zhi cho-khük (８時３刻) means "8:15".

When denoting the age of a person, one will use yumpi for the native Rangyan numerals, and sei  for Sino-Rangyan. For example, chojohe yumpi (３８歳) and samzhippat sei (三十八歳) both mean "thirty-eight years old".

基本數詞
琅野語寫數字的方法有兩種：阿拉伯數字 (1, 2, 3) 或漢數字 (一, 二, 三). 阿拉伯數字多用於橫寫，而漢數字則多用於豎寫.

The number 4 is considered unlucky in Rangyan, as 4, pronounced shi in Sino-Rangyan, is a homophone for death (死). The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from Western tradition.

In large numbers, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied.

十進制小數
琅野語有一套固有詞小數數字系統.

This system, however, is not often seen in modern usage except for representing decimal fractions of rate or discount. For example, cho-pun u-ri heirün (三分五厘減른) "35% discount". Instead, decimal fractions are typically written with either Chinese numerals (in vertical writing) or Arabic numerals (in horizontal writing), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 四十二・一九五), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 五〇・〇四). In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system (kejopu tem me kon tha for 42.195; thajo tem moi ke for 50.04).

分數
To construct a fraction, the denominator is written first, followed by pun tu (分두) "parts of" and then the numerator. This is the opposite of how fractions are read in English, which is numerator first. Each half of the fraction is written the same as a whole number. Mixed numbers are written with the whole-number part first, followed by ta "and", then the fractional part.

序數
表達序數的方法有兩種：在漢數字前加上前綴 tai 「次序」；在固有數字後加上後綴 hin.

負數
在數字前面加上前綴 byu 「負」 來表達負數.

大寫數字
As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Rangyan a separate set of hanji for numerals called daishyuji used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the Chinese formal numbers except for minor stroke variations. In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like 壱佰壱拾 for 110, as opposed to 百十 in common writing.

關係從句
琅野語不使用關係代詞來將關係從句和對應的先行詞聯繫在一起. 反而將關係從句視作定語動詞來直接修飾名詞片語，並和定語形容詞一樣處於名詞片語之前.

例如：

aso wi ne dotuweit oro ye bumuwei "他曾看見那個來了的人. "

直接引語
直接引語是一句 (或幾句) 由第一說話者原封不動地引述的說話 (或思想). 在琅野語中，直接引語前後要加上引號，而句末會提及或暗示直接引語的說話者.

khi wi ajaboti ye yabanü aso wi yeruwei "他曾說：「我正在吃早餐. 」"

間接引語
在琅野語中，間接引語不用加上引號，並不以原說話者的方式來表達引述句子或問句. 當說話者和引述者不是同一個人的時候，間接引語內的人稱會作對應改變.

aso wi ajaboti ye yabanü yei aso wi yeruwei "他曾說他正在吃早餐. "

文字系統
The modern Rangyan writing system uses two main scripts: To a lesser extent, modern written Rangyan also uses the Latin alphabet. Examples include abbreviations such as "CD" and "DVD".
 * Hanji, ideographs from Chinese characters, and
 * Yenmun, a Korean phonemic alphabet organised into syllabic blocks that make up words.

Romanised Rangyan, called romaji, is frequently used by foreign students of Rangyan, who have not yet mastered the two main scripts, and by native speakers for computer input.

諺文
Yenmun is a phonemic alphabet organized into syllabic blocks. Each block consists of at least two of the 24 yenmun letters (jimu), with at least one each of the 14 consonants and 10 vowels. These syllabic blocks can be written horizontally from left to right as well as vertically from top to bottom in columns from right to left. Originally, the alphabet had several additional letters for pre-modern Korean, however, these letters have never been used in Rangyan.

字母
Jimu are the units that make up the yenmun alphabet. Ji means letter or character, and mo means mother, so the name suggests that the jimu are the building-blocks of the script.

There are 39 jimu, of which 24 are equivalent to letters of the Latin alphabet. The other 15 jimu are clusters of two or sometimes three of these letters. Of the 24 simple jimu, 14 are consonants ("child sounds") and 10 are vowels ("mother sounds"). 5 of the simple consonant letters are doubled to form the five voiced consonants (see below). The 10 basic vowel jimu can be combined to form 10 more complex ones. Here is a summary:


 * 14 simple consonant letters: ㄱ, ㅋ, ㅇ, ㄷ, ㅌ, ㄴ, ㅂ, ㅍ, ㅁ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅅ, ㅎ, ㄹ
 * 5 double letters (voiced): ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅉ, ㅆ
 * 6 simple vowel letters: ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅜ, ㅡ, ㅣ
 * 4 simple iotized vowel letters (semi consonant-semi vowel): ㅑ, ㅕ, ㅛ, ㅠ
 * 10 compound letters: ㅐ, ㅒ, ㅔ, ㅖ, ㅘ, ㅙ, ㅚ, ㅝ, ㅞ, ㅟ

Four of the simple vowel jimu are derived by means of a short stroke to signify iotation (a preceding i sound): ㅑ /ja/, ㅕ /jɛ/, ㅛ /jɔ/, and ㅠ /ju/. These four are counted as part of the 24 simple jimu because the iotating stroke taken out of context does not represent /j/. In fact, there is no separate jimu for /j/.

Of the simple consonants, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, and ㅊ are aspirated derivatives of ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ, respectively, formed by combining the unaspirated letters with an extra stroke.

The doubled letters are ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅉ, ㅆ. Double jimu do not represent geminate consonants, but rather a voiced phonation.

字母順序
The alphabetical order of yenmun does not mix consonants and vowels as Western alphabets do. Rather, the order is that of the Indic type, first velar consonants, then coronals, labials, sibilants, etc. However, the vowels come after the consonants rather than before them as in the Indic systems.

歷史上順序
The consonantal order of yenmun in 1446 in the document titled Funmintsengim "The Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People" was, ㄱ ㅋ ㆁ ㄷ ㅌ ㄴ ㅂ ㅍ ㅁ ㅈ ㅊ ㅅ ㆆ ㅎ ㅇ ㄹ ㅿ and the order of vowels was, ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ ㅗ ㅏ ㅜ ㅓ ㅛ ㅑ ㅠ ㅕ

現今琅野順序
In the Rangyan order, double jimu are placed immediately after their single counterparts. No distinction is made between silent and nasal ㅇ: ㄱ ㄲ ㅋ ㅇ ㄷ ㄸ ㅌ ㄴ ㅂ ㅃ ㅍ ㅁ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅅ ㅆ ㅎ ㄹ ㅏ ㅐ ㅑ ㅒ ㅓ ㅔ ㅕ ㅖ ㅗ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ The modern monophthongal vowels come first, with the derived forms interspersed according to their form: first added i, then iotized, then iotized with added i. Diphthongs and triphthongs beginning with w are ordered according to their spelling, as ㅏ or ㅓ plus a second vowel, not as separate digraphs.

The order of the final jimu is, (null) ㄱ ㅇ ㄷ ㄴ ㅂ ㅁ ㅅ ㄹ "Null" stands for no final jimu, and the final jimu ㅅ and ㄹ can only be found in foreign loanwords.

羅馬化
琅野語有好幾種羅馬化方案，其中為英語使用者而設計的麥肯齊式方案 makkhenzhi-sik romaji 是在琅野國內外最常用的現存標準方案.

西里爾化
為俄語使用者而設計的索科洛夫式方案 sokorop-sik kirilji 是官方標準的琅野語西里爾化方案.

僧訣假借
Süngkwetkatsya, also known as Kagakatsya after the first two syllables, is an archaic writing system that represents the Rangyan language in hanji. It was mainly used by Rangyan monks to render Buddhist sutras written in Sanskrit into understandable Rangyan, and occasionally used by government officials as a tool to comprehend texts written in Classical Chinese.

The süngkwetkatsya script employs hanji for their phonetic value rather than their meaning to indicate Rangyan verb endings and other grammatical markers that are different in Rangyan from Chinese. Several hanji can represent the same sound, the choice of which to use often being decided for stylistic reasons. And this made both the meaning and pronunciation difficult to parse, and was one reason why the system was gradually abandoned, to be replaced with yenmun originated from Korea, in the late 15th century. In this respect, it faced problems analogous to those that confronted early efforts to represent the Japanese and Korean language with hanji, due to grammatical differences between these languages and Chinese.

Below is the table of süngkwetkatsya where one character represents one syllable.

世界人權宣言（第一條）
「人皆生而自由；在尊嚴及權利上均各平等. 」 全끼人위生믄유自由이르대尊厳다権利디平等이르. mogi oro wi bomün yu jiyu'i rü tai tsonyem ta gwenri ti bengtüng'i rü.

「人各賦有理性良知，誠應和睦相處，情同手足. 」 人위理性다良心여天賦임授뻐모드대同胞두精神요互삠行動누스. oro wi riseng ta rangshim ye thenpyuim kibemotü tai dungpo tu tsengjin yo mobim hangdungnusü.

特色橫幅
"This language was once featured." 이語言위굼紹介너무웨야. i yoyen wi kum zhyokainemuweiya

"Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities, it has been voted as featured." 品質다可信性다可用性두水平퀴、이고위特色죄選저모드야. phimtsit ta khashinseng ta khayongseng tu suibeng khui, iko wi düksik tsoi ritsemotüya.

巴別塔
고時、全끼人위同미語言여言라누웨야. kokotsan, mogi oro wi bomi yoyen ye yeranuweiya. "At that time, all mankind was speaking the same language." 人々위東方유移누웨돈、시날두地디平野여覓뿌出두웨대고수디居루定무웨야. orooro wi tungpang yu thinnuwei ton, shinal tu gada ti bengya ye kabuuttuwei tai kosu ti jorujimuweiya. "When people moved from the east, (they) found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there."
 * 1) Now the whole earth had one language and the same words.
 * 1) And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there.
 * 1) And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar.
 * 2) Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be dispersed over the face of the whole earth."
 * 3) And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of man had built.
 * 4) And the Lord said, "Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and this is only the beginning of what they will do. And nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them.
 * 5) Come, let us go down and there confuse their language, so that they may not understand one another's speech."
 * 6) So the Lord dispersed them from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city.
 * 7) Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth. And from there the Lord dispersed them over the face of all the earth.

論語
子위言르「学부이고여심習므、둠悦이로므모. 友위遠민処유来드、둠喜디로므모. 識로머므던怒보므、둠君子로므모. 」 子 韋 言 楞 「學 布伊皋曳罧 習 瞢 、 棟 悅 伊窂瞢芼. 友 韋 遠 忞 處 庾 來 登 、 棟 喜 氐窂瞢芼. 識 窂麛瞢典 怒 保瞢 、 棟 君子 窂瞢芼. 」（僧訣假借版本） Tsi wi yerü, "Bopu iko ye shim samü, tum patsui romü mo? Eke wi hüminhen yu dotü, tum hatti romü mo? Naromemü ten nepomü, tum kuntsi romü mo?"
 * Confucius said: "To learn and then practise it time and again is a pleasure, is it not? To have friends come from afar to share each other learning is a pleasure, is it not? To be unperturbed when not appreciated by others is gentlemanly, is it not?"

子위言르「学브던思보므、惑모븐디陥르. 思브던学보므、危디陥르. 」 Tsi wi yerü, "Bopü ten upomü, immopün ti nalrü. Upü ten bopomü, numsu ti nalrü."
 * Confucius said:"To learn without thinking, one will be lost in his learning. To think without learning, one will be imperilled."

子위言르「父母위在世느、遠밈旅노므. 遠밈旅느깓즈、旅두処여話닫즈. 」 Tsi wi yerü, "Tsokoüwi wi jaiseinü, hümim yusonomü. Hümim yusonügattsü, yuso tu hen ye yottattsü."
 * Confucius said: "While your parents are alive, do not journey afar. If a journey has to be made, your direction must be told."